1 Goals for Lab 01

Get your feet wet!
Innoculate you against ggplot2 errors- we all get them!
Get exposed to the range of things you can do, before we go deeep…
Develop your own personal preferences for data visualizations!
- Do you like or hate gridlines?
- What fonts do you find pleasant to read?
- What kinds of colors do you like?
- Are you team theme_gray or theme_bw (or theme_minimal)?

These are important questions, and I want you to develop (well-informed) opinions on these matters!

2 Nathan’s Hot Dog Eating Contest

This includes a reconstruction of Nathan Yau’s hot dog contest example, as interpreted by Jackie Wirz, ported into R and ggplot2 by Steven Bedrick for a workshop for the OHSU Data Science Institute, and finally adapted by Alison Hill for all you intrepid Data-Viz-onauts!

First, we load our packages:

library(tidyverse)
library(extrafont)
library(here)

3 Read in and wrangle data

Next, we load some data. You can use the following chunk to load it in from a link:

hot_dogs <- read_csv("http://bit.ly/cs631-hotdog", 
    col_types = cols(
      gender = col_factor(levels = NULL)
    ))

Or you can save the file at the link to a local CSV file. I did this and saved my file in a folder called data, then built up the file path to the CSV using here:

hot_dogs <- read_csv(here::here("static/labs/data", "hot_dog_contest.csv"), 
    col_types = cols(
      gender = col_factor(levels = NULL)
    ))

Either way you do it, check it out once read in and make sure it looks like this!

glimpse(hot_dogs)

Rows: 49
Columns: 4
$ year      <dbl> 2017, 2017, 2016, 2016, 2015, 2015, 2014, 2014, 2013, 2013, …
$ gender    <fct> male, female, male, female, male, female, male, female, male…
$ name      <chr> "Joey Chestnut", "Miki Sudo", "Joey Chestnut", "Miki Sudo", …
$ num_eaten <dbl> 72.000, 41.000, 70.000, 38.000, 62.000, 38.000, 61.000, 34.0…

hot_dogs

# A tibble: 49 × 4
    year gender name           num_eaten
   <dbl> <fct>  <chr>              <dbl>
 1  2017 male   Joey Chestnut       72  
 2  2017 female Miki Sudo           41  
 3  2016 male   Joey Chestnut       70  
 4  2016 female Miki Sudo           38  
 5  2015 male   Matthew Stonie      62  
 6  2015 female Miki Sudo           38  
 7  2014 male   Joey Chestnut       61  
 8  2014 female Miki Sudo           34  
 9  2013 male   Joey Chestnut       69  
10  2013 female Sonya Thomas        36.8
# … with 39 more rows

We’ll be wanting to somehow include information about whether a given year was before or after the incorporation of the competitive eating league, so let’s add an indicator field to the data using mutate(). Also, the data’s a little sketchy pre-1981 and for our purposes today we’ll be focusing on males only, so let’s do some filtering too:

hot_dogs <- hot_dogs %>% 
  mutate(post_ifoce = year >= 1997) %>% 
  filter(year >= 1981 & gender == 'male')
hot_dogs

# A tibble: 37 × 5
    year gender name           num_eaten post_ifoce
   <dbl> <fct>  <chr>              <dbl> <lgl>     
 1  2017 male   Joey Chestnut         72 TRUE      
 2  2016 male   Joey Chestnut         70 TRUE      
 3  2015 male   Matthew Stonie        62 TRUE      
 4  2014 male   Joey Chestnut         61 TRUE      
 5  2013 male   Joey Chestnut         69 TRUE      
 6  2012 male   Joey Chestnut         68 TRUE      
 7  2011 male   Joey Chestnut         62 TRUE      
 8  2010 male   Joey Chestnut         54 TRUE      
 9  2009 male   Joey Chestnut         68 TRUE      
10  2008 male   Joey Chestnut         59 TRUE      
# … with 27 more rows

4 Plot The Data

Now let’s try making a first crack at a sketchy plot:

ggplot(hot_dogs, aes(x = year, y = num_eaten)) + 
  geom_col()

Note that our data is already in “counted” form, so we’re using geom_col() instead of geom_bar().

5 Add Axis Labels And Title

ggplot(hot_dogs, aes(x = year, y = num_eaten)) + 
  geom_col() +
  labs(x = "Year", y = "Hot Dogs and Buns Consumed") +
  ggtitle("Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Results, 1981-2017")

6 Play With Colors

Challenge #1:

Make 3 versions of the last plot we just made:

In the first, make all the columns outlined in “white”.
In the second, make all the columns outlined in “white” and filled in “navyblue”.
In the third, make all the columns outlined in “white” and filled in according to whether or not post_ifoce is TRUE or FALSE (use default colors for now).

ggplot(hot_dogs, aes(x = year, y = num_eaten)) + 
  geom_col(colour = "white") + 
  labs(x = "Year", y = "Hot Dogs and Buns Consumed") +
  ggtitle("Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Results, 1981-2017")

ggplot(hot_dogs, aes(x = year, y = num_eaten)) + 
  geom_col(colour = "white", fill = "navyblue") + 
  labs(x = "Year", y = "Hot Dogs and Buns Consumed") +
  ggtitle("Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Results, 1981-2017")

ggplot(hot_dogs, aes(x = year, y = num_eaten)) + 
  geom_col(aes(fill = post_ifoce), colour = "white") + 
  labs(x = "Year", y = "Hot Dogs and Buns Consumed") +
  ggtitle("Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Results, 1981-2017")

Challenge #2:

What if you want to change the legend in the last plot you made? Use google to figure out how to do the following:

Delete the legend title
Make the legend text either “Post-IFOCE” or “Pre-IFOCE”.

ggplot(hot_dogs, aes(x = year, y = num_eaten)) + 
  geom_col(aes(fill = post_ifoce), colour = "white") + 
  labs(x = "Year", y = "Hot Dogs and Buns Consumed") +
  ggtitle("Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Results, 1981-2017") +
  scale_fill_discrete(name = "",
                      labels=c("Pre-IFOCE", "Post-IFOCE"))

7 Change The Dataset

Now, let’s change the question a little bit. This looks at the creation of the IFOCE. What about the affiliation of the contestants? We’ll need some different data for this. Through the Magic Of Data Science™, we have dug that information up and put it into an expanded version of our CSV file available at http://bit.ly/cs631-hotdog-affiliated.

Challenge #3:

Let’s work with this new dataset! Do the following:

Read in the “hot_dog_contest_with_affiliation.csv” data file, using col_types to read in affiliated and gender as factors.
Within a mutate, create a new variable called post_ifoce that is TRUE if year is greater than or equal to 1997.
Also filter the new data for only years 1981 and after, and only for male competitors.

hdm_affil <- read_csv("http://bit.ly/cs631-hotdog-affiliated", 
    col_types = cols(
      affiliated = col_factor(levels = NULL), 
      gender = col_factor(levels = NULL)
      )) %>% 
  mutate(post_ifoce = year >= 1997) %>% 
  filter(year >= 1981 & gender == "male")

hdm_affil <- read_csv(here::here("static/labs/data", "hot_dog_contest_with_affiliation.csv"), 
    col_types = cols(
      affiliated = col_factor(levels = NULL), 
      gender = col_factor(levels = NULL)
      )) %>% 
  mutate(post_ifoce = year >= 1997) %>% 
  filter(year >= 1981 & gender == "male") 
glimpse(hdm_affil)

Challenge #4:

Let’s do some basic EDA with this new dataset! Do the following:

Use dplyr::distinct to figure out how many unique values there are of affiliated.
Use dplyr::count to count the number of rows for each unique value of affiliated; use ?count to figure out how to sort the counts in descending order.

hdm_affil %>% 
  distinct(affiliated)

# A tibble: 3 × 1
  affiliated    
  <fct>         
1 current       
2 former        
3 not affiliated

hdm_affil %>% 
  count(affiliated, sort = TRUE)

# A tibble: 3 × 2
  affiliated         n
  <fct>          <int>
1 not affiliated    20
2 current           11
3 former             6

Now let’s plot this new data, and fill the columns according to our new affiliated column.

ggplot(hdm_affil, aes(x = year, y = num_eaten)) + 
  geom_col(aes(fill = affiliated)) + 
  labs(x = "Year", y = "Hot Dogs and Buns Consumed") +
  ggtitle("Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Results, 1981-2017")

Challenge #5:

Do the following updates to the last plot we just made:

Update the colors using hex colors: c('#E9602B','#2277A0','#CCB683').
Change the legend title to “IFOCE-affiliation”.
Save this plot object as “affil_plot”.

affil_plot <- ggplot(hdm_affil, aes(x = year, y = num_eaten)) + 
  geom_col(aes(fill = affiliated)) + 
  labs(x = "Year", y = "Hot Dogs and Buns Consumed") +
  ggtitle("Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Results, 1981-2017") +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c('#E9602B','#2277A0','#CCB683'),
                    name = "IFOCE-affiliation")
affil_plot

8 Play With Scales & Coordinates

The spacing’s a little funky down near the origin of the plot. The documentation tells us that the defaults are c(0.05, 0) for continuous variables. The first number is multiplicative and the second is additive.

The default was that 1.8 ((2017-1981)*.05+0) was added to the right and left sides of the x-axis as padding, so the effective default limits were c(1979, 2019).

Let’s tighten that up with the expand property for the scale_y_continuous (we’ll also change the breaks for y-axis tick marks here) and scale_x_continuous settings:

affil_plot <- affil_plot + 
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0),
                     breaks = seq(0, 70, 10)) +
  scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0, 0))
affil_plot

But now the plot looks like it is wearing tight pants.

Let’s loosen things up a bit by updating the plot coordinates.

Challenge #6:

Use coord_cartesian to:

Set the x-axis range to 1980-2018
Set the y-axis range to 0-80

Using coord_cartesian is the preferred layer here because “setting limits on the coordinate system will zoom the plot (like you’re looking at it with a magnifying glass), and will not change the underlying data like setting limits on a scale will.”

Lesson:

Don’t change limits unless you really know what you are doing! Most of the time, you want to change the coordinates instead.

affil_plot <- affil_plot + 
  coord_cartesian(xlim = c(1980, 2018), ylim = c(0, 80)) 
affil_plot

9 Play With Theme Settings

Let’s change some key theme settings:

affil_plot +
  theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5)) +
  theme(axis.text = element_text(size = 12)) +
  theme(panel.background = element_blank()) +
  theme(axis.line.x = element_line(color = "gray80", size = 0.5)) +
  theme(axis.ticks = element_line(color = "gray80", size = 0.5))

Warning: The `size` argument of `element_line()` is deprecated as of ggplot2 3.4.0.
ℹ Please use the `linewidth` argument instead.

Lesson:

You can change almost anything that your heart desires to change!

By default, plot titles in ggplot2 are left-aligned. For hjust:

0 == left
0.5 == centered
1 == right

We could also save all these as a custom theme. We are not fans of the default font, so we are also going to change this. To do this, you need to install the (extrafont package)[https://github.com/wch/extrafont] and follow its setup instructions before doing this next step.

hot_diggity <- theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
                     axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
                     panel.background = element_blank(),
                     axis.line.x = element_line(color = "gray80", size = 0.5),
                     axis.ticks = element_line(color = "gray80", size = 0.5),
                     text = element_text(family = "Lato") # need extrafont for this
                     )

affil_plot + hot_diggity

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, : no
font could be found for family "Lato"

Error in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, : polygon edge not found

We could also use someone else’s theme:

library(ggthemes)
affil_plot + theme_fivethirtyeight(base_family = "Lato")

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, : no
font could be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, : no
font could be found for family "Lato"

Error in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, : polygon edge not found

affil_plot + theme_tufte(base_family = "Palatino")

The final thing we have to mess with is the x-axis ticks and labels. We’ll do this in two steps, then override our previous layer scale_x_continuous.

years_to_label <- seq(from = 1981, to = 2017, by = 4)
years_to_label

 [1] 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017

hd_years <- hdm_affil %>%
  distinct(year) %>% 
  mutate(year_lab = ifelse(year %in% years_to_label, year, ""))

affil_plot + 
  hot_diggity +
  scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0, 0), 
                     breaks = hd_years$year,
                     labels = hd_years$year_lab)

Scale for x is already present.
Adding another scale for x, which will replace the existing scale.

Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, : no
font could be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, : no
font could be found for family "Lato"

Error in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, : polygon edge not found

10 Final (final, final) version

Don’t name your files “final” :)

All together in one chunk, here is our final (for now) plot! I’m also adding some additional elements here to show you options:

nathan_plot <- ggplot(hdm_affil, aes(x = year, y = num_eaten)) + 
  geom_col(aes(fill = affiliated)) + 
  labs(x = "Year", y = "Hot Dogs and Buns Consumed") +
  ggtitle("Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Results, 1981-2017") +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c('#E9602B','#2277A0','#CCB683'),
                    name = "IFOCE-affiliation") + 
  hot_diggity +
  scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0, 0),
                     breaks = seq(0, 70, 10)) +
  scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0, 0), 
                     breaks = hd_years$year,
                     labels = hd_years$year_lab) + 
  coord_cartesian(xlim = c(1980, 2018), ylim = c(0, 80)) 
nathan_plot

Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, : no
font could be found for family "Lato"

Error in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, : polygon edge not found

Adding some plot annotations rather than having a fill legend:

nathan_ann <- nathan_plot +
  guides(fill = FALSE) +
  coord_cartesian(xlim = c(1980, 2019), ylim = c(0, 85)) +
  annotate('segment', x=1980.75, xend=2000.25, y= 30, yend=30, size=0.5, color="#CCB683") +
  annotate('segment', x=1980.75, xend=1980.75, y= 30, yend=28, size=0.5, color="#CCB683") +
  annotate('segment', x=2000.25, xend=2000.25, y= 30, yend=28, size=0.5, color="#CCB683") +
  annotate('segment', x=1990, xend=1990, y= 33, yend=30, size=0.5, color="#CCB683") +
    annotate('text', x=1990, y=36, label="No MLE/IFOCE Affiliation", color="#CCB683", family="Lato", hjust=0.5, size = 3) + 

  
  
  annotate('segment', x=2000.75, xend=2006.25, y= 58, yend=58, size=0.5, color="#2277A0") +
  annotate('segment', x=2000.75, xend=2000.75, y= 58, yend=56, size=0.5, color="#2277A0") +
  annotate('segment', x=2006.25, xend=2006.25, y= 58, yend=56, size=0.5, color="#2277A0") +
  annotate('segment', x=2003.5, xend=2003.5, y= 61, yend=58, size=0.5, color="#2277A0") +
  annotate('text', x=2003.5, y=65, label="MLE/IFOCE\nFormer Member", color="#2277A0", family="Lato", hjust=0.5, size = 3) + 

  
  annotate('segment', x=2006.75, xend=2017.25, y= 76, yend=76, size=0.5, color="#E9602B") +
  annotate('segment', x=2006.75, xend=2006.75, y= 76, yend=74, size=0.5, color="#E9602B") +
  annotate('segment', x=2017.25, xend=2017.25, y= 76, yend=74, size=0.5, color="#E9602B") +
  annotate('segment', x=2012, xend=2012, y= 79, yend=76, size=0.5, color="#E9602B") +
  annotate('text', x=2012, y=82, label="MLE/IFOCE Current Member", color="#E9602B", family="Lato", hjust=0.5, size = 3)

Warning: The `<scale>` argument of `guides()` cannot be `FALSE`. Use "none" instead as
of ggplot2 3.3.4.

Coordinate system already present. Adding new coordinate system, which will
replace the existing one.

Warning: Using `size` aesthetic for lines was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
ℹ Please use `linewidth` instead.

nathan_ann

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_stringMetric, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label)): no font could
be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, : no
font could be found for family "Lato"

Warning in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, : no
font could be found for family "Lato"

Error in grid.Call(C_textBounds, as.graphicsAnnot(x$label), x$x, x$y, : polygon edge not found

Finally, adding in another layer of data from female contestants:

hdm_females <- read_csv(here::here("data", "hot_dog_contest_with_affiliation.csv"), 
    col_types = cols(
      affiliated = col_factor(levels = NULL), 
      gender = col_factor(levels = NULL)
      )) %>% 
  mutate(post_ifoce = year >= 1997) %>% 
  filter(year >= 1981 & gender == "female")

Error: '/Users/paultesta/git/pols1600_site/data/hot_dog_contest_with_affiliation.csv' does not exist.

glimpse(hdm_females)

Error in glimpse(hdm_females): object 'hdm_females' not found

nathan_w_females <- nathan_ann +
  # add in the female data, and manually set a fill color
  geom_col(data = hdm_females, 
           width = 0.75, 
           fill = "#F68A39")

Error in fortify(data): object 'hdm_females' not found

nathan_w_females

Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): object 'nathan_w_females' not found

And adding a final caption:

caption <- paste(strwrap("* From 2011 on, separate Men's and Women's prizes have been awarded. All female champions to date have been MLE/IFOCE-affiliated.", 70), collapse="\n")

nathan_w_females +
  # now an asterisk to set off the female scores, and a caption
  annotate('text', x = 2018.5, y = 39, label="*", family = "Lato", size = 8) +
  labs(caption = caption) +
  theme(plot.caption = element_text(family = "Lato", size=8, hjust=0, margin=margin(t=15)))

Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): object 'nathan_w_females' not found

Lab 01: Nathan’s Hot-Dog Eating Contest

CS631

Alison Hill